Abdulhamid II

Biography

Constitution granted 1876, suspended 1878 after the Russo Turkish war. The Yildiz spy network, the Red Sultan to Armenians, the Hamidian massacres 1894 to 96. The Hejaz railway, schools, the debt administration, modernization under autocracy. Pan-Islamic caliphate politics against European empires, appealed to Indian Muslims. The Young Turk coup 1908, deposed 1909. The empire in his hands last held real power.