Charles I of England
Biography
Stubborn and duplicitous, Charles ruled without Parliament 1629 to 1640, Ship Money, Laudian ceremony provoking Scotland. Civil war came, his army lost to Parliament and Cromwell. Even in defeat he played double games, sparking the second war. Tried for treason against his own people, a legal first, executed 30 January 1649, wearing two shirts lest shivering seem fear. England briefly a republic.
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