Philip II of France
Biography
Philip turned the Capetian monarchy into the dominant power in France. He joined the Third Crusade with Richard I but returned early and plotted against him. He seized Normandy, Anjou, and other Angevin lands from King John, and his victory at Bouvines in 1214 over John, Emperor Otto IV, and their allies confirmed his gains. He built the walls of Paris and the first Louvre fortress.
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